subroutine gpt2 (dmjd,dlat,dlon,hell,nstat,it,p,T,dT,e,ah,aw,undu)

c% This subroutine determines pressure, temperature, temperature lapse rate, 
c% water vapour pressure, hydrostatic and wet mapping function coefficients 
c% ah and aw, and geoid undulation for specific sites near the Earth 
c% surface. It is based on a 5 x 5 degree external grid file ('gpt2_5.grd') 
c% with mean values as well as sine and cosine amplitudes for the annual and 
c% semiannual variation of the coefficients.
c
c% input parameters:
c%
c% dmjd:  modified Julian date (scalar, only one epoch per call is possible)
c% dlat:  ellipsoidal latitude in radians [-pi/2:+pi/2] (vector)
c% dlon:  longitude in radians [-pi:pi] or [0:2pi] (vector)
c% hell:  ellipsoidal height in m (vector)
c% nstat: number of stations in dlat, dlon, and hell
c%        maximum possible: not relevant for Matlab version
C% it:    case 1: no time variation but static quantities
C%        case 0: with time variation (annual and semiannual terms)
c% 
c% output parameters:
c%
c% p:    pressure in hPa (vector of length nstat) 
c% T:    temperature in degrees Celsius (vector of length nstat)
c% dT:   temperature lapse rate in degrees per km (vector of length nstat) 
c% e:    water vapour pressure in hPa (vector of length nstat)
c% ah:   hydrostatic mapping function coefficient at zero height (VMF1) 
c%       (vector of length nstat)
c% aw:   wet mapping function coefficient (VMF1) (vector of length nstat)
c% undu: geoid undulation in m (vector of length nstat)
c%
c% The hydrostatic mapping function coefficients have to be used with the
c% height dependent Vienna Mapping Function 1 (vmf_ht.f) because the
c% coefficients refer to zero height.
c%
c% Example 1 (Vienna, 2 August 2012, with time variation):
c%
c% dmjd = 56141.d0
c% dlat(1) = 48.20d0*pi/180.d0
c% dlon(1) = 16.37d0*pi/180.d0
c% hell(1) = 156.d0
c% nstat = 1
c% it = 0
c%
c% output:
c% p = 1002.56 hPa
c% T = 22.12 deg Celsius
c% dT = -6.53 deg / km
c% e = 15.63 hPa
c% ah = 0.0012647
c% aw = 0.0005726
c% undu = 44.06 m
c%
c% Example 2 (Vienna, 2 August 2012, without time variation, i.e. constant values):
c%
c% dmjd = 56141.d0
c% dlat(1) = 48.20d0*pi/180.d0
c% dlon(1) = 16.37d0*pi/180.d0
c% hell(1) = 156.d0
c% nstat = 1
c% it = 1
c%
c% output:
c% p = 1003.49 hPa
c% T = 11.95 deg Celsius
c% dT = -5.47 deg / km
c% e = 9.58 hPa
c% ah = 0.0012395
c% aw = 0.0005560
c% undu = 44.06 m
c%
c% Klemens Lagler, 2 August 2012
c% Johannes Boehm, 6 August 2012, revision
c% Klemens Lagler, 21 August 2012, epoch change to January 1 2000
c% Johannes Boehm, 23 August 2012, adding possibility to determine constant field
c% ---

      implicit double precision (a-h,o-z)

      dimension vec(34)

      dimension dlat(64800),dlon(64800),hell(64800)
      dimension dT(64800),T(64800),p(64800),e(64800),
     .          ah(64800),aw(64800),undu(64800)

      dimension pgrid(2592,5),Tgrid(2592,5),Qgrid(2592,5),dTgrid(2592,5)
     .         ,u(2592),Hs(2592),ahgrid(2592,5),awgrid(2592,5)

      dimension undul(4),Ql(4),dTl(4),Tl(4),pl(4),ahl(4),awl(4)

      dimension indx(4) 

      character line*80

c%  mean gravity in m/s**2
      gm = 9.80665d0
c% molar mass of dry air in kg/mol
      dMtr = 28.965d-3;
c% universal gas constant in J/K/mol
      Rg = 8.3143d0

      pi = 3.1415926535d0

c% change the reference epoch to January 1 2000
      dmjd = dmjd-51544.5;

c% factors for amplitudes
      if (it.eq.1) then  ! constant parameters
        cosfy = 0.d0
        coshy = 0.d0
        sinfy = 0.d0
        sinhy = 0.d0
      else 
        cosfy = dcos(dmjd/365.25*2*pi)
        coshy = dcos(dmjd/365.25*4*pi)
        sinfy = dsin(dmjd/365.25*2*pi)
        sinhy = dsin(dmjd/365.25*4*pi)
      end if

c% read gridfile
      open(11,file='gpt2_5.grd')

c% read first comment line
      read (11,'(a80)') line

c% loop over grid points
      do n = 1,2592
        
        !% read data line
        read (11,*) vec
        pgrid(n,1:5)  = vec(3:7)           !% pressure in Pascal
        Tgrid(n,1:5)  = vec (8:12)         !% temperature in Kelvin
        Qgrid(n,1:5)  = vec(13:17)/1000.d0 !% specific humidity in kg/kg
        dTgrid(n,1:5) = vec(18:22)/1000.d0 !% temperature lapse rate in Kelvin/m
        u(n)          = vec(23)            !% geoid undulation in m
        Hs(n)         = vec(24)            !% orthometric grid height in m
        ahgrid(n,1:5) = vec(25:29)/1000.d0 !% hydrostatic mapping function coefficient, dimensionless
        awgrid(n,1:5) = vec(30:34)/1000.d0 !% wet mapping function coefficient, dimensionless

      end do
      close (11)

c% loop over stations
      do k = 1,nstat
    
        !% only positive longitude in degrees
        if (dlon(k).lt.0.d0) then
          plon = (dlon(k) + 2.d0*pi)*180.d0/pi
        else
          plon = dlon(k)*180.d0/pi
        end if
        !% transform to polar distance in degrees
        ppod = (-dlat(k) + pi/2.d0)*180.d0/pi 

        !% find the index (line in the grid file) of the nearest point
        ipod = floor((ppod+5.d0)/5.d0) 
        ilon = floor((plon+5.d0)/5.d0)
    
        !% normalized (to one) differences, can be positive or negative
        diffpod = (ppod - (ipod*5.d0 - 2.5d0))/5.d0
        difflon = (plon - (ilon*5.d0 - 2.5d0))/5.d0
    
        !% get the number of the corresponding line
        indx(1) = (ipod - 1)*72 + ilon
    
        !% near the poles: nearest neighbour interpolation, otherwise: bilinear
        ibilinear = 0
        if ((ppod.gt.2.5d0).and.(ppod.lt.177.5d0)) then 
          ibilinear = 1          
        end if         
    
        !% case of nearest neighbourhood
        if (ibilinear.eq.0) then

          ix = indx(1)
        
          !% transforming ellipsoidial height to orthometric height
          undu(k) = u(ix)
          hgt = hell(k)-undu(k)
            
          !% pressure, temperature at the heigtht of the grid
          T0 = Tgrid(ix,1) + 
     .         Tgrid(ix,2)*cosfy + Tgrid(ix,3)*sinfy + 
     .         Tgrid(ix,4)*coshy + Tgrid(ix,5)*sinhy
          p0 = pgrid(ix,1) + 
     .         pgrid(ix,2)*cosfy + pgrid(ix,3)*sinfy + 
     .         pgrid(ix,4)*coshy + pgrid(ix,5)*sinhy
         
          !% specific humidity
          Q = Qgrid(ix,1) + 
     .        Qgrid(ix,2)*cosfy + Qgrid(ix,3)*sinfy + 
     .        Qgrid(ix,4)*coshy + Qgrid(ix,5)*sinhy
            
          !% lapse rate of the temperature
          dT(k) = dTgrid(ix,1) + 
     .            dTgrid(ix,2)*cosfy + dTgrid(ix,3)*sinfy + 
     .            dTgrid(ix,4)*coshy + dTgrid(ix,5)*sinhy 

          !% station height - grid height
          redh = hgt - Hs(ix)

          !% temperature at station height in Celsius
          T(k) = T0 + dT(k)*redh - 273.15d0
        
          !% temperature lapse rate in degrees / km
          dT(k) = dT(k)*1000.d0

          !% virtual temperature in Kelvin
          Tv = T0*(1.d0 + 0.6077d0*Q)
        
          c = gm*dMtr/(Rg*Tv)
        
          !% pressure in hPa
          p(k) = (p0*exp(-c*redh))/100.d0
        
          !% water vapour pressure in hPa
          e(k) = (Q*p(k))/(0.622d0 + 0.378d0*Q);
            
          !% hydrostatic coefficient ah 
          ah(k) = ahgrid(ix,1) + 
     .            ahgrid(ix,2)*cosfy + ahgrid(ix,3)*sinfy + 
     .            ahgrid(ix,4)*coshy + ahgrid(ix,5)*sinhy
            
          !% wet coefficient aw
          aw(k) = awgrid(ix,1) + 
     .            awgrid(ix,2)*cosfy + awgrid(ix,3)*sinfy + 
     .            awgrid(ix,4)*coshy + awgrid(ix,5)*sinhy           
                    
        else !% bilinear interpolation
        
          ipod1 = ipod + int(sign(1.d0,diffpod))
          ilon1 = ilon + int(sign(1.d0,difflon))
          if (ilon1.eq.73) then
            ilon1 = 1
          end if
          if (ilon1.eq.0) then
            ilon1 = 72
          end if
        
          !% get the number of the line
          indx(2) = (ipod1 - 1)*72 + ilon   !% along same longitude
          indx(3) = (ipod  - 1)*72 + ilon1  !% along same polar distance
          indx(4) = (ipod1 - 1)*72 + ilon1  !% diagonal
        
          do l = 1,4
                
            !% transforming ellipsoidial height to orthometric height:
            !% Hortho = -N + Hell
            undul(l) = u(indx(l));
            hgt = hell(k)-undul(l);
        
            !% pressure, temperature at the heigtht of the grid
            T0 = Tgrid(indx(l),1) + 
     .           Tgrid(indx(l),2)*cosfy + Tgrid(indx(l),3)*sinfy + 
     .           Tgrid(indx(l),4)*coshy + Tgrid(indx(l),5)*sinhy;
            p0 = pgrid(indx(l),1) + 
     .           pgrid(indx(l),2)*cosfy + pgrid(indx(l),3)*sinfy + 
     .           pgrid(indx(l),4)*coshy + pgrid(indx(l),5)*sinhy

            !% humidity 
            Ql(l) = Qgrid(indx(l),1) + 
     .              Qgrid(indx(l),2)*cosfy + Qgrid(indx(l),3)*sinfy + 
     .              Qgrid(indx(l),4)*coshy + Qgrid(indx(l),5)*sinhy
 
            !% reduction = stationheight - gridheight
            Hs1 = Hs(indx(l))
            redh = hgt - Hs1

            !% lapse rate of the temperature in degree / m
            dTl(l) = dTgrid(indx(l),1) + 
     .               dTgrid(indx(l),2)*cosfy + dTgrid(indx(l),3)*sinfy + 
     .               dTgrid(indx(l),4)*coshy + dTgrid(indx(l),5)*sinhy 

            !% temperature reduction to station height
            Tl(l) = T0 + dTl(l)*redh - 273.15d0

            !% virtual temperature
            Tv = T0*(1.d0+0.6077d0*Ql(l))  
            c = gm*dMtr/(Rg*Tv)
            
            !% pressure in hPa
            pl(l) = (p0*exp(-c*redh))/100.d0
            
            !% hydrostatic coefficient ah
            ahl(l) = ahgrid(indx(l),1) + 
     .               ahgrid(indx(l),2)*cosfy + ahgrid(indx(l),3)*sinfy + 
     .               ahgrid(indx(l),4)*coshy + ahgrid(indx(l),5)*sinhy
            
            !% wet coefficient aw
            awl(l) = awgrid(indx(l),1) + 
     .               awgrid(indx(l),2)*cosfy + awgrid(indx(l),3)*sinfy + 
     .               awgrid(indx(l),4)*coshy + awgrid(indx(l),5)*sinhy
            
          end do
            
          dnpod1 = abs(diffpod)  !% distance nearer point
          dnpod2 = 1.d0 - dnpod1 !% distance to distant point
          dnlon1 = abs(difflon) 
          dnlon2 = 1.d0 - dnlon1
        
          !% pressure
          R1 = dnpod2*pl(1)+dnpod1*pl(2)
          R2 = dnpod2*pl(3)+dnpod1*pl(4)
          p(k) = dnlon2*R1+dnlon1*R2
            
          !% temperature
          R1 = dnpod2*Tl(1)+dnpod1*Tl(2)
          R2 = dnpod2*Tl(3)+dnpod1*Tl(4)
          T(k) = dnlon2*R1+dnlon1*R2
        
          !% temperature in degree per km
          R1 = dnpod2*dTl(1)+dnpod1*dTl(2)
          R2 = dnpod2*dTl(3)+dnpod1*dTl(4)
          dT(k) = (dnlon2*R1+dnlon1*R2)*1000.d0
            
          !% humidity
          R1 = dnpod2*Ql(1)+dnpod1*Ql(2)
          R2 = dnpod2*Ql(3)+dnpod1*Ql(4)
          Q = dnlon2*R1+dnlon1*R2
          e(k) = (Q*p(k))/(0.622d0+0.378d0*Q)
            
          !% hydrostatic
          R1 = dnpod2*ahl(1)+dnpod1*ahl(2)
          R2 = dnpod2*ahl(3)+dnpod1*ahl(4)
          ah(k) = dnlon2*R1+dnlon1*R2
           
          !% wet
          R1 = dnpod2*awl(1)+dnpod1*awl(2)
          R2 = dnpod2*awl(3)+dnpod1*awl(4)
          aw(k) = dnlon2*R1+dnlon1*R2
        
          !% undulation
          R1 = dnpod2*undul(1)+dnpod1*undul(2)
          R2 = dnpod2*undul(3)+dnpod1*undul(4)
          undu(k) = dnlon2*R1+dnlon1*R2
                    
        end if
      end do

      end subroutine